| A |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Acid-free
paper |
Paper produced
with a PH value of 7 ( neutral ) or higher ( alkaline ) Refer
PH definition. |
| Anti set-off
spray |
A fine spray of
powder, which gets sprayed onto the printed sheets at the delivery
end of the press to help prevent set off. |
| AOX |
Absorbable Organic
Halogens. AOX is a measurement of organic chlorine compounds
produced as a by-product when the chlorine chemicals react with
the residual lignin in the bleaching of the pulp. Safe AOX limits
are achieved today by using chlorine dioxide, rather than elemental
chlorine bleaching processes. |
| Art paper |
A generic term
for clay coated papers & boards with a high polished surface.
Art papers come in a gloss, matt or dull finish and are suitable
for high quality halftone illustrations. |
| B |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Back up |
Printing on the
reverse side of an already printed sheet. |
| Bagasse pulp |
Pulp made from
Bagasse, the fibrous waste by-product from the sugar cane sugar
extraction process. |
| Bank paper |
A range of paper
used for stationery, forms and other documents with a weight
of less than 60 gsm. |
| Binder |
A substance, which
is used to keep layers of coating, and/ or the coating and paper,
together. |
| Biodegradable |
Capable of being
decomposed by biological agents, especially bacteria. |
| Blade coated
paper |
Paper, which is
coated by using a thin metal blade to remove the excess freshly
applied wet clay coating. |
| Blanket cylinder |
The cylinder on
an offset printing machine, which is covered by a rubber ( or
similar substance ) blanket, which receives the printable image
from the plate and transfers it onto the paper. |
| Bleed |
The part of a
printed image, which runs past the final trim size of the printed
job. |
| Board |
Heavy weight paper.
In general papers over 200gsm are referred to as a board, however
some papers less than 200 gsm, with high bulk, are sometimes
referred to as boards. |
| Bond paper |
A range of good
quality paper used for correspondence and letterheads with a
weight ranging from 60 gsm and heavier. |
| Brightness |
A measurement
of a papers ability to reflect light. Commonly used to gauge
a sheets whiteness. |
| Broke |
Paper waste comprising
of trimmings, non-conforming and other faulty papers produced
at a mill. Only suitable for repulping and recycling. |
| Bulk |
The comparison
of the relative thickness of sheets of paper with the same GSM. |
| C |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Calendered |
Smoothing and
polishing of paper at the end of the paper-making machine, by
passing the web through a set of cast-iron rollers. |
| Calliper |
The thickness
of a paper. The metric system expresses this in microns. |
| Carbonless
paper |
A set of 2 or
more sheets of paper, which produce copies of an image, when
applying pressure to the top sheet. The underside of the top-sheet
is coated with miniature gelatine capsules, which contain a
colourless dye. These capsules break, when applying pressure,
causing the colourless dye to react with a chemical coating
on the topside of the sheet underneath, creating a black or
blue image. |
| Cast coated
paper |
Coated paper,
which is dried under pressure, by passing the web between heated
chromium plated metal rollers, to produce a high mirror finish
gloss surface. |
| Chemical wood
pulp |
Wood pulp being
treated with chemicals to remove the non-cellulose material.
|
| Coated paper
|
Paper which is
coated on one or both sides with a mixture of clay, latex and
or other fillings, to improve the printing surface of the paper.
The coating can take place on the paper-making machine, using
a roll, blade, air-knife or brush or combination. Coating can
also be done off-machine. Cast coating is an example of high
quality coating done on a separate machine. |
| Colour separation |
An image separated
into the four process ink colours. Each of these colours (cyan,
magenta, yellow, black) are then able to be reproduced on a
separate printing plate. |
| Computer-to-plate
(CTP) |
The process of
placing an image directly from a computer file onto the printing
plate. This process can achieve higher quality work, as it eliminates
the usage of films to transfer the image onto the plate. |
| Cover paper |
A term applied
to a variety of heavy papers, used for the outside covers of
brochures, booklets, etc. |
| Creasing |
Mechanically press
a rule into heavy paper. Creasing the paper before folding,
allows the stock to be folded easier, leaving a clean fold,
without cracks. |
| Curl |
The tendency of
paper to bend and curl around the axis of its grain direction. |
| D |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| De-inking |
The removal of
printing inks and other impurities out of waste paper before
it is recycled. |
| Dimensional
stability |
The ability of
a sheet of paper to keep its dimensions and shape whilst being
influenced by external factors like atmospheric changes, and
stresses during printing and converting processes. |
| Dot gain |
Enlargement of
the halftone dot between film and print, which causes darker
tones. Requires correction to obtain true reproductions. |
| Dots per inch
(DPI) |
Measures the resolution
of an image. The more dots per inch, the sharper the image. |
| Dummy |
A sample mock
up of a proposed job, made from actual materials, folded and/or
collated, to represent the proposed job. |
| E |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Elemental
chlorine free |
A term to describe
pulp which is bleached without using elemental chlorine |
| Embossed paper |
Paper, which is
compressed by a roller to raise or depress the papers surface,
creating a pattern or image. |
| F |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Felt mark |
An unwanted or
wanted mark made on paper, caused by the imprint of one or more
of the felts used in making the paper. |
| Filler |
Materials, such
as china clay or calcium carbonate, which can be added to the
paper pulp to increase opacity and/ or smoothness of the paper. |
| Foil stamping |
A heated relief
block is used to transfer a metallic image to a substrate. |
| Fountain solution |
Water with additives
that is applied to the printing plate to keep areaÕs on the
plate from accepting ink. |
| G |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Ghosting |
When backing up
a sheet a ghost image, corresponding in shape and position with
an image printed on the reverse side appears in the printed
image. |
| Gloss |
The ability of
paper to reflect light. Gloss is measured in Gardner gloss units,
the higher the number, the glossier the sheet. |
| Grain direction |
Also known as
the machine direction of paper. The grain direction is defined
by the direction in which most of the paper fibres lie. |
| Grammage |
The weight of
paper measured in grams per square metre. |
| H |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Halftone |
The reproduction
of a continuous-tone image, such as a photo, by forming the
image with dots in various sizes. |
| Heat-set ink |
Ink which dries
by applying heat after the printing process. |
| Hickies |
Small particles
of foreign matter adhering to the plate or blanket, causing
defects in the print. |
| Humidity |
The moisture condition
of the air measured as a percentage of the maximum amount of
water air can carry. |
| I |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| ICR |
Integrated colour
removal. Replacing either some cyan, magenta or yellow inks
in the darkest neutral areas, with black ink. |
| Ivory board |
High quality uncoated
board commonly used for business cards and quality printed jobs. |
| J |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Jog |
To align sheets
of paper into a compact pile. |
| Jumbo reel |
A large reel of
paper, from where different reel width sizes or sheets are cut. |
| K |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Knocking |
To make the edges
of a pile of paper straight and regular. |
| Kraft pulp |
Pulp, which is
produced from wood pulp by a sulphate process, which dissolves
the lignin that binds the wood fibres together. |
| L |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Laid paper |
Paper with a pattern
of parallel lines at equal distances. |
| Lamination
film |
A plastic film
that can be attached to a printed sheet, by heat and pressure,
or an adhesive. Laminating protects the print work, or can be
chosen for its appearance. |
| Laser |
Type of non-impact
printer, where an electrostatic image on a drum attracts toner,
which is then fused to the paper by heat. |
| Letterpress |
A printing process
where a raised printing image is inked and then transferred
directly onto the paper. |
| Lignin |
A substance in
wood, which binds its fibres together to reinforce its structure.
Lignin is removed in the manufacturing of chemical pulp. |
| Linen paper |
Paper with a raised
embossed surface, which looks like the linen fabric. |
| Lithographic
printing |
Printing process,
which uses a metal plate that has been treated so it attracts
water on the places where there is no image. The plate accepts
ink where there is no water and is the transferred onto an image
blanket. |
| Long fibre
pulp |
Pulp that is made
from soft types of wood. The fibres from soft wood are longer
than the fibres of hard wood. |
| M |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Machine deckle |
The width of the
wet web at the forming part of the paper-making machine. |
| Machine directions |
See grain direction |
| Make ready |
The preparation
of a press before printing a job. |
| Matt finish |
A clay coated
paper that is finished without gloss calendering or smoothing
sued when a non glare result is required. |
| Mechanical
wood pulp |
Pulp produced
from wood, which is mechanically treated, such as refining and
grinding. This pulp gets used for producing cheap papers, used
for newspapers etc. |
| Misregister |
The inability
to print a succeeding plate or another colour so that it is
in the correct position relative to matter already printed. |
| Moiré |
An undesirable
pattern in colour printing. The aligning of halftone dots in
multi-colour printing caused by the incorrect displacement of
these dots either in the manufacture of the halftone origination,
plate making or misregister on the printed sheet. |
| Moisture content |
The amount of
moisture found in paper, expressed as a percentage. |
| Mottle |
A disfiguration
of the printed image caused by differential absorption. |
| N |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| NBHK |
Northern Bleached
Hardwood Kraft. Pulp, produced mainly from birch trees. It is
a bright pulp, but less strong than NBSK. |
| NBSK |
Northern Bleached
Softwood Kraft. Pulp, produced mainly from spruce trees. One
of the important varieties of pulp on the market. The fibres
are long and therefore make a very strong paper. |
| NCR paper |
No Carbon Required.
See carbonless paper. |
| Newsprint |
Paper made for
printing newspapers. This paper is produced from mechanical
soft wood pulp and recycled pulp. |
| O |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Offset blanket |
A rubber-surfaced
fabric, clamped around one of the cylinders on the press, which
transfers the image from plate to paper. |
| Offset printing |
A method of printing,
where the image gets transferred from the plate to the paper
via an intermediate surface (blanket). |
| Opacity |
The opacity of
paper is its ability to hide the printing on the reverse side,
or on the sheets underneath. |
| Overmake |
Extra quantity
manufactured, above the ordered amount. |
| Oxygen bleaching |
Removing lignin
from pulp by introducing oxygen in an alkaline environment. |
| P |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| PH value |
A number used
for expressing the acidity and/or the alkalinity of solutions.
In a scale from 0 to 14 the value 7 is considered neutral. Below
7, the solution is considered acidic and above 7 the solution
is considered alkaline. |
| Picking |
Rupture of paper
surface during the manufacturing or printing process. |
| Piling |
A build up of
ink and / or coating on or around the image areas on the press
blanket |
| Pin holes |
Nearly imperceptible
pits in the surface of coated paper. |
| Plate |
A thin sheet of
aluminium on the printing press. The plate carries the printable
image and transfers this either via a blanket or direct onto
the paper. |
| PMS |
Pantone Matching
System. An international standardisation of matching, coordinating
and mixing printing inks to produce particular colours. |
| Pre-press |
All the preparation
work prior to the plate-making phase. |
| Primary colours |
In printing inks:
yellow, magenta and cyan. In light: red, green and blue |
| Proof |
A print made to
review the layout, type and colour prior to printing the actual
job. |
| Pulp |
Transformation
of raw wood materials into usable, cellulose fibres, by various
processes such as disintegration, cooking, washing and bleaching.
The result is the base ingredient for the production of paper. |
| R |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Rag pulp |
Pulp made from
disintegrated cotton or linen rags, which are cleaned and bleached,
resulting in a high-grade pulp. |
| Ream |
A paper quantity
unit of measurement. A ream is 500 sheets of paper. |
| Relative humidity |
The amount of
water vapour present in the atmosphere expressed as a percentage
of the maximum that could be present at the same temperature. |
| Resiliency |
The ability to
regain original form after being bent, compressed, or stretched. |
| Rigidity |
Stiffness; resistance
to bending. |
| Ripple finish |
An irregular paper
finish suggestive of ripples, which is embossed into the paper. |
| S |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Score |
Partially cut
paper with a metal ruler, as to prepare the paper to be folded
easier, and without cracking. |
| Screen angles |
The angel of how
the halftone screens are placed in relation to another. |
| Self-adhesive
paper |
Paper suitable
for printing on one side that has a self-adhesive coating on
the reverse side. The adhesive is protected during conversion
by a backing paper, which can be removed before adhering the
label to a substrate. |
| Set-off |
Transference of
the printed image to the reverse side of subsequently printed
sheets within the stack. |
| Short grain |
When the fibres
of the paper are in line with the short side of the finished
sheet size. |
| Size |
Adding resin or
other sizing material to the paper to bind the fibres, create
strength and to affect its ink and water absorbency. |
| Smoothness |
The smoothness
of paper can be seen as the flatness of the surface of the paper.
It is measured by the Bendtsen smoothness test. It measures
the amount of air escaping between an annular ring and the material
surface. |
| Supercalendered
finish |
A smooth dull
or glossy finish created by passing the paper through a supercalender
stack. |
| Surface sized |
The treatment
of the surface of the paper with starch or other material to
increase strength and to affect its ink and water absorbency. |
| Synthetic
paper |
Paper produced
from synthetic substances rather than from cellulose fibres.
Poly type products a normally used like PP, PE, PET. |
| T |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| TCF |
Totally chlorine
free. Pulp bleached without any chlorine chemicals. |
| Text paper |
A general term
applied to high quality low weight papers. |
| Thickness |
The calliper or
the distance between the two surfaces of paper, measured in
microns. |
| Twin-wire |
Paper with two
identical print sides, due to combining the wire side of two
sheets together. |
| V |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Varnishing |
Applying a layer
of varnish to printed matter by hand or machine to increase
durability or enhance its appearance. |
| Vellum paper |
A tooth-surfaced
paper, for fast ink penetration. |
| Virgin fibre |
Paper pulp fibre
used for the first time. |
| W |
A B
C D E F
G H I J
K L M N
O P R S
T V W |
| Watermark |
A pattern or mark
created in the paper made by an impression roller being applied
to the paper at the wet side of the papermaking machine. |
| Wavy edges |
Edges of paper
sheets that expand and deform due to moisture being absorbed
by the paper during times of changing relative humidity. |
| Wire side |
The side of the
web or sheet of paper that was in contact with the forming wire
during manufacturing. |
| Woodfree |
Paper made from
chemical pulp, free from wood based substances such as lignin. |
| Work and turn |
Is the arrangement
of paper that is being printed on both sides, in a way that
the same grip edge gets used, when printing each side. |
| Wove paper |
Paper with a very
smooth and soft finish made on a mould with a cover from woven
wire cloth. |
